Analysis Of Blue Poles - 1498 Words

Russian painter and pioneer of abstract modern art, Kandinsky’s art and ideas impacted and inspired many generations of artists, from his students at Bauhaus, to the Abstract Expressionists post World War 2. Kandinsky contested the boundaries of conventional art making practice through his rare artistic style that departs from the strict conventions of realism and naturalism formed by the Academie, and seeks to convey inner spiritual experience by challenging intentions and emotive capacities. He sought to convey a universal, visual and spiritual language of abstract forms and colours, along with interpreting his synesthetic experience of music, to create artworks that transcended cultural and physical boundaries. Abstract and Modernist†¦show more content†¦Performed on canvas laid flat on the floor, Pollock makes no physical contact with the canvas whilst painting. The canvas seems to convey a telling of Pollock’s vigorous working methods and turbulent life to the audience, as the work consists of glass shards and footprints embedded into the canvas. Pollock’s boundary breaking manipulation of surface ultimately encourages artists to imitate his new and non-traditional methodologies within art making. Modernist critic, Clement Greenberg coined the term of Abstract Expressionism, and was largely responsible for the growing reputation of Pollock within the art world. Greenberg assisted in determining the reaction to Blue Poles by the audience. In The Nation, 20/1/1945, Greenberg supports Pollock through advocating his artwork in a public expanse, â€Å"American painting is much in need of all three qualities (that is, ‘boldness, breadth, and the monumental’), and it is significant that Pollock, who manifests all three, has already begun to exert an influence, though he has been before the public hardly more than a year.† Greenberg upholds Pollock’s name with high importance, displaying his significance to the Abstract Expressionist movement. Pollock’s heavily influential style was rather radical in its extremity in his time, through his unconventional material practices and drip techniques, redefining the conventions of traditional painting, in orde r toShow MoreRelated1.09 experiments Essay596 Words   |  3 Pagesdyed red water will not seep into the blue cold water. My guess was indeed correct and red water did not interfere with the blue water. 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Gregory Lee Johnson was a Supreme Court case that overthrew bans on damaging the American flag in 48 of the 50 states. Gregory Lee Johnson participated in a political demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas

Presidential Election Of 1988 Pitted Vice President

The election of 1988 pitted Vice President George H.W Bush against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Coming off the back of President Reagan’s second term, Vice President Bush needed to build on the sense of optimism that Reagan had instilled and make a case for continuity. Governor Dukakis on the other hand had to try and paint himself as good alternative to some of the pitfalls of President Reagan’s later years. Coming off an economic collapse, insider trading scandals, and a growing drug problem, there was no shortage of material for ad agencies to work with. The ads from 1988 paint a picture of an overall negative race, even when compared to 2016’s charged election, while also producing some of the most infamous and effective ads in campaign history. Judging from the ads alone, 1988 would be seen as a negative campaign. While both candidates had positive ads, the most remembered from this election year are three negative ads put out on the Republican si de. The fact that the three most memorable all came from one side speak to a difference in production quality as well. Based solely off the ads, the Republican party seemed to have the most unity of message as well as a coherent plan. Two of the three big ads have to do with Governor Dukakis’s record on crime. The first, run only once by and developed by a PAC, talked about Willie Horton, a convicted murderer who was furloughed under the Massachusetts system. While furloughed, he escaped and then assaulted a manShow MoreRelated The Role of President Hugo Chavez in Venezuela Essays4884 Words   |  20 PagesThe Role of President Hugo Chavez in Venezuela Introduction Venezuela is a late bloomer in regard to having complete independence and in terms of running its own democratic government. 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Enterprise Resource Planning&Business Process Re-EngineeringStarbucks

Question: Describe about the Enterprise Resource Planning and Business Process Re-engineering . Answer: Introduction Starbucks is a company that is best known for its coffee all across the globe. Starbucks Coffee Company in Australia served its first coffee in the year 2000 and has been growing since then. The company has a number of different units and outlets all across Australia and has done some massive improvements in its business processes to achieve better quality and customer satisfaction. The company is an early adopter of the emerging technologies to offer advanced and improved services to its customers and also streamline all of the internal processes (Lee, 2016). ERP Implementation in Starbucks Australia The ERP implementation in Starbucks, Australia has seen many phases and changes with the growth of the company and increase in the number of stores and staff engaged with the same (Wallace and Kremzar, 2016). With its opening in July, 2000, Starbucks saw a rapid growth all across Australia and it became extremely troublesome for the then financial controller, Danielle Baigent-Garvey to handle the operations with ease and without any flaws. It was estimated by Danielle that the existing system at that time was not competent enough to deal with all the changes and it was decided to implement a new and improved ERP software package in the company. Microsoft Dynamic GP was selected by Danielle and team and the same was implemented across all the units of Starbucks, Australia by September, 2002. The process was done in a quick manner and the phases such as testing, implementation and training ran in parallel with each other. The package included finance management, purchasing, fixed assets, extensive reporting, cash management and many other ERP features. In addition to Microsoft Dynamic GP, Starbucks also implemented Microsoft's Service Management and Professional Advantage's Webhouse software in its architecture in order to manage the servicing requirements and add business intelligence capabilities. These packages together made the ERP software for the company. There are a number of benefits that were provided to Starbucks with the implementation of ERP in its operations and structure. The software provided an integrated package to the company to link all the processes and operations with each other. The interface that was offered by the software allowed the executives and the officials to have an extremely easy and simple to implement solution to accomplish all of their reporting and analysis activities. It also allowed the resources to remove and redundancy and duplicity in the processes by eliminating the human errors and automating the entire system. The time that was required to enter or update information in the system was also very less as compared to the time that was being spent in the manual activities. It resulted in the improvement of the productivity and efficiency of the resources. The package also allowed reporting activities to be done with a lot of customization and automatic generations as well. The resources were also able to add value to the business by being able to understand the processes in a better manner and were also able to carry out significant operations with much ease. Budgeting and associated activities were also streamlined to a great degree as the resources clearly understood what expenses were made and where were they exhausted. There was also easy data management and data backup possible with the help of such package which allowed the strong database for any of the future reference It became easy for the auditors to have exact details at the time of auditing and reporting (Advantage, 2016). In order to improve the ERP operations, Starbucks, Australia also adopted other software and packages such as Esker DeliveryWare. The software was implemented to improve the delivery and management of information particularly associated with the financial operations. The software offered a solution for the immediate and future needs of the company (Dayeian, 2016). The three major areas that were targeted with the installation and implementation of the software included purchasing, reporting and bulletins. There were a number of benefits that were offered to the company with the implementation of this software which are as listed below: A long terms solution which was flexible as well as scalable in nature that was proficient enough to adapt with the changes in the technology and requirements A strong maintenance plan and support was provided along with the software in order to manage the post production activities Starbucks has a lot many policies towards the environment and the software allowed the achievement of the same with the reduction in use of paper and print The software also allowed easy and fast communication with the suppliers and ensures better supplier management. Problems in Existing ERP System In spite of a number of changes that have been done in the ERP system of Starbucks, Australia, there are still a number of loopholes that exist in the current system. The first and the foremost are the security risks and issues. There is a problem with the security mechanism that is implemented in the current system as it is not designed to control and manage the newer security risks that are now probable. There are a number of threats and attacks that have been launched by the attackers which cannot be dealt with the existing system. The existing system also cannot handle the data requirements of the present era. It is not equipped with the advanced data analytics and business intelligence techniques to manage the Big Data. The same results in a number of issues for the management and resources and also results in the compromises on the quality of service. Abridged Feasibility Analysis Introduction Purpose The purpose of the feasibility analysis is to determine the need of the improvements in the ERP implementation in Starbucks, Australia. Target Audience The target audience of this feasibility study includes the board members of the company along with the department heads and Project Managers. Justification Problem Statement The demand for coffee is increasing with an increase in the population and Starbucks is present in Australia since past 16 years. With a known name and strong reputation in the market, it is essential for the company to have a stronger ERP system to organize and manage all of the business needs and operations (Petersen, 2016). Organizational Impact The improved solution will allow Starbucks to manage all of its processes easily and will also be able to coordinate a number of different activities. Processes associated with human resources, accounts and operations will be managed with much ease and the overall organization and control will improve to a great extent (Eresourceerp, 2016). Solution Solution Statement The new and improved ERP System for Starbucks will comprise of advanced features of Big Data and Business Intelligence that will provide a solution to the existing issues in the current system (Vuksic and Spremic, 2016). Anticipated Improvements Improved Visibility The new solution will allow Starbucks to control their working capital requirements to a great degree and will also enable it to manage all of its operations so that there is a complete clarity on the operations to perform (Tenkorang and Helo, 2016). Security The new system will also allow better security with the aid of advanced security mechanism that is offered with new solutions and packages that will be implemented in Starbucks. Reduced Operating Costs There will be a huge difference in the existing costs and the one that will be required during and after the implementation of the new system. Production, marketing and control cost will come down to a great degree. Customer Service Customer is the king for any business and organization and the same is the case with Starbucks. New ERP system will allow the improvement in the customer service and satisfaction levels. Project Management Approach The implementation of ERP is an extensive project that involves a number of different activities and thus it is essential to manage the project with ease and accuracy. There are two different project management approaches that have been suggested which can be followed by Starbucks during the project timeline. PRINCE2 Projects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) is undertaking administration strategy that is procedure arranged and can be custom-made to various task situations. It has a plainly characterized structure that contains points of interest of parts, duties, procedures and standards of venture administration that can be effortlessly learnt and connected by and by (Skogmar, 2015). The technique has a reasonable structure for administration that incorporates comprehension of connections between undertaking board and program supervisors. This technique likewise ensures business support of a task by concentrating all choices on an undertaking business case that ought to stay feasible all through the venture. Project Life Cycle (PLC) includes all around characterized venture organizes right from the earliest starting point till the end of the task. Stages, for example, initiation, arranging, conveyance and conclusion shape a vital piece of PLC. PRINCE2 strategy and its techniques are greatly near the phases of PLC. It starts with the task start that decides the targets and objectives of the venture alongside the undertaking brief and dangers estimation. Arranging, coordinating and controlling stages characterize the strategies that should be adjusted for effective task administration which at long last prompts the undertaking conveyance and conclusion (Advantagelearning, 2016). PMBOK It is an aide arranged by PMI for Its Project Management Body of Knowledge and it portrays 47 venture administration forms with each having certain inputs, certain devices and coming about yields. These procedures are separated in the aide into 10 information zones of task administration teach that incorporate extension, cost, time, quality, joining, correspondence, hazard, HR, acquisition and partners. PMBOK control unmistakably characterizes what a task administrator is required to do. PMBOK likewise holds fast to the phases of PLC yet has its own arrangement of techniques which are named as stages. The principal stage in PMBOK technique is the start stage which incorporates the attainability investigation of the task. Next is the arranging stage which incorporates scope definition, action arranging, and partner distinguishing proof, asset portion, spending estimation, plan estimation and danger appraisal. It is then trailed by the execution stage which includes the exercises that are connected for the advancement of the task according to the prerequisites. There might be various difficulties that may show up in this stage and the same are taken care of by the strategies characterized in PMBOK to deal with the same. Next stage is the control stage. There might be various changes that may emerge as far as usage and asset exercises. These progressions are overseen and viably controlled in this period of PMBOK (Vargas, 2015). Cost Benefit Analysis Fiscal Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Undiscounted Flows One time cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Costs -$100,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 Benefits $0 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 Net Cash Flow -$100,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 Discount Factors Discount Rate 6.0% Base Year 0 Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Discount Factor 1.0000 0.9434 0.8900 0.8396 0.7921 0.7473 0.7050 0.6651 0.6274 0.5919 Discounted Flows Costs -$100,000 -$28,302 -$26,700 -$25,189 -$23,763 -$22,418 -$21,149 -$19,952 -$18,822 -$17,757 Benefits $0 $42,453 $40,050 $37,783 $35,644 $33,627 $31,723 $29,928 $28,234 $26,635 Net -$100,000 $14,151 $13,350 $12,594 $11,881 $11,209 $10,574 $9,976 $9,411 $8,878 Cumulative -$100,000 -$85,849 -$72,499 -$59,905 -$48,023 -$36,815 -$26,240 -$16,264 -$6,853 $2,025 Net Present Value $2,025 Internal Rate of Return 6% A cost benefit analysis has been done on the project with a onetime cost of AUD 100,000 and a recurring cost of 30,000. A benefit of AUD 45,000 has also been considered and the discount rate that has been applied is 6% (Dreze, 2016). Risk Identification There are a number of risks that have been identified in the implementation of ERP Systems in Starbucks, Australia. Risk ID Risk Likelihood Impact Reasons Risk Ranking Risk Level (1 is high on severity and priority and 5 is lowest) RS1 Schedule Risks Medium High There is a lot of complexity that is involved with the implementation of the ERP Systems which is mostly not easily understood by the teams (Erm, 2013) Critical 1 RS2 Budget Overrun Medium High With the inability to determine the exact nature of operations required, there may be a lot of re-work done by the team which may involve more expenses (Riami, 2016) Critical 1 RS3 Data Management Risks Medium Medium There will be a number of parties that will be involved in the implementation of ERP. There will also be data conversion and validation procedures which may face data management risks (Merit, 2015) High 2 RS4 Security Risks High High-Medium There are a number of threats and attacks that may be executed by the attackers or the internal resource as well (Pascal, 2016) High 2 RS5 Technical Risks Low Medium Technology is at an ever changing pace and there may be chances of the occurrence of the same during the project Medium 3 Risks associated with the ERP Implementation at Starbucks, Australia Business Process Redesigning (BPR) Starbucks is a company that is providing excellent coffee to the customers in Australia since past 16 years. Although the company has a reputed name in the market, there are other competitors in the market that are providing amazing coffee at much lower costs. There are also new and improved business processes and systems that are being followed among the fellow competitors. This is the reason that Starbucks must involve redesigning of the business processes from the acquiring of the raw materials to the final delivery (Cooke, 2016). The processes that require redesigning at Starbucks include the way the information technology is utilized in the company. There are operations such as resource planning and management along with the Enterprise Resource Planning that do not make use of the latest technology and software packages. Lean management is also missing from the value chain which can be implemented right from the procurement of the raw materials to the final delivery of the products. It will allow the business operators to curtail the wastages that occur during the procurement of the raw materials. Flow of information internally in the organization can also be redesigned with a better communication plan and matrix utilization to streamline all of the activities. The Starbucks frameworks change by presenting lean administration with the supplementary assistance from stream of data can be made into a viable apparatus for the general development of the association, particularly in holding its expansive client base and getting new ones. The framework which is verging on idiot proof in nature is a deliberate activity on some portion of all level of workers and partners in the store network. This upgrade mitigates a large portion of the trepidation that would have emerged had Starbucks lost a decent number of its clients to its rivals. The danger of losing business is in actuality extraordinarily abridged and Starbucks can anticipate a complete turnaround in its productivity and offer worth after the framework is made operational (Ukessays, 2016). Advantages for Starbucks, Australia ERP implementation and Business Process Redesigning will result in a number of advantages for the company which has been listed below. There will be a number of operational advantages such as reduction in the costs, reduction in the cycle time and productivity improvement. There will also be a lot many improvements in the quality which will lead to better customer management and satisfaction as well. A number of managerial benefits will also be seen in terms of resource management and performance improvement. Strategic alignment will also improve with the implementation of latest ERP systems and redesigning of the business process with increased support for business growth and alliance. There will also be many organizational benefits with these processes such as improved work patterns and increased employee satisfaction (Cheng, 2016). Disadvantages for Starbucks, Australia There are a few disadvantages that may appear with the implementation of the ERP Systems and redesigning of the business processes. There will be many changes in the existing processes that may not go well with the resources of the company as it takes time to adapt to a change. This may lead to reduction in the productivity. The cost of investment will also be necessary which will be an additional expense. The project will require the presence of the experts and the absence of same may result in serious issues. There may also be complexities in the usage of the same and the same would demand trainings for the employees to make them understand the features and functionalities of the new system. Changes that can be implemented There are a number of changes that can be implemented in Starbucks, Australia in terms of ERP and related operations. The existing system is not designed as per the latest technology and hence, the same can be changed and replaced with the new and advanced system. There are also changes necessary in the flow of information that takes place internally in the organization and the processes that are associated with the same need to be changed as well. There is a concept of lean management missing from the supply chain activities that needs to be introduced as well. There are also changes that must be done to improve the security mechanism in the existing system in order to improve the information security and data privacy for Starbucks, Australia. Conclusion Starbucks, Australia is in operation since past 16 years and has been serving customer with great coffee since then. There are a number of stored of the company all across Australia and the demand has increased in the past few years. There is also a lot of competition in the market with a number of many new entries in the same business. Starbucks thus requires a few changes and updates in its existing system in terms of ERP implementation and Business Processes Redesigning. The existing ERP system is not upgraded as per the latest technology and has a number of security loopholes as well. A new ERP system must be implemented which will be incorporated with the latest security mechanism and data analytics and business intelligence features as well. The existing business processes associated with information flow, supply chain activities and information technology shall also be re-designed to improve the overall functional. The same will result in better quality of service and will als o enhance the level of customer satisfaction. References Advantage, P. (2016). Case Study: Retailer manages rapid growth with Microsoft Dynamics GP. [online] Pa.com.au. Available at: https://www.pa.com.au/client-stories/starbucks-australia/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Advantagelearning, (2016). PRINCE2 2009 Methodology: Principles, Themes and Processes | Advantage Learning. [online] Advantagelearning.co.uk. Available at: https://www.advantagelearning.co.uk/prince2/what-is-prince2.html [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Cheng, E. (2016). Business Process Reengineering and ERP System Benefits. [online] Available at: https://iceb.nccu.edu.tw/proceedings/APDSI/2006/201-213.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Cooke, J. (2016). From bean to cup: How Starbucks transformed its supply chain Procurement CSCMP's Supply Chain Quarterly. [online] Supplychainquarterly.com. Available at: https://www.supplychainquarterly.com/topics/Procurement/scq201004starbucks/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Dayeian, A. (2016). Esker DeliveryWare Platform. [online] Available at: https://www.esker.es/soluciones_deliveryware/data/PDF/Esker_DeliveryWare-Testimonio-Starbucks_Coffee.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Dreze, J. (2016). Cost-benefit analysis. [online] Available at: https://personal.lse.ac.uk/sternn/040NHS.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Eresourceerp, (2016). Benefits of ERP System in an Organization | Implementation of ERP in an Organization Explain by EresourceERP. [online] Eresourceerp.com. Available at: https://www.eresourceerp.com/How-ERP-system-can-make-impact-on-organization.html [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Erm, (2013). ERP Implementation Risk: Managing Sources of Project Delays and Other Risk - ERM - Enterprise Risk Management Initiative | North Carolina State Poole College of Management. [online] Erm.ncsu.edu. Available at: https://erm.ncsu.edu/library/article/erp-implementation-risk-managing-sources-of-project-delays-and-other-r [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Lee, K. (2016). Starbucks Coffee. [online] Available at: https://www.uhu.es/45122/temas/PSC/Theme1_StarbucksCoffe_CaseStudy.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Merit, (2015). Risks Associated with ERP Implementations - Merit Solutions. [online] Merit Solutions. Available at: https://www.meritsolutions.com/business-insights/risks-associated-with-erp-implementations/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Pascal, (2016). Management of Risks associated with ERP Implementations. [online] Mantralogix. Available at: https://insights.mantralogix.com/blog/management-of-risks-associated-with-erp-implementations [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Petersen, R. (2016). A Feasibility Study for an industrial electronics maintenance certificate at Western Wisconsin Technical College. [online] Available at: https://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2001/2001petersenr.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Riami, C. (2016). ERP Implementation Risks. [online] Available at: https://www.protiviti.in/en-US/Documents/White-Papers/Risk-Solutions/ERP-Implementation-Protiviti.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Skogmar, K. (2015). PRINCE2, the PMBOK Guide and ISO 21500:2012. [online] Axelos.com. Available at: https://www.axelos.com/case-studies-and-white-papers/prince2-the-pmbok-guide-and-iso-21500-2012 [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Tenkorang, R. and Helo, P. (2016). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A Review Literature Repor. [online] Available at: https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2011/WCECS2011_pp1126-1134.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Ukessays, (2016). Business Process Redesigning At Starbucks Information Technology Essay. [online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/business-process-redesigning-at-starbucks-information-technology-essay.php [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Vargas, R. (2015). PMBOK 5th Edition Processes Flow - Ricardo Viana Vargas. [online] Ricardo-vargas.com. Available at: https://www.ricardo-vargas.com/pmbok5-processes-flow/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Vuksic, V. and Spremic, M. (2016). ERP System Implementation and Business Process Change: Case Study of a Pharmaceutical Company. [online] Available at: https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/191662.ERP_PLIVA_CASE_STUDY_FINAL.PDF [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Wallace, T. and Kremzar, M. (2016). The Implementers Guide to Success with Enterprise Resource Planning. [online] Available at: https://www.qiau.ac.ir/teacher/files/911610/19-07-1388-17-49-13.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016].

Sociological Theory free essay sample

This assignment will outline the beginnings of sociological theory including historical development of the main theories, namely functionalism and Marxism, and a view of interactionism. The social context in which each of these theories emerged will be detailed with inclusion of possible effects of the social issues at the time. It is often said that sociology is the ‘science of society’. Society is commonly seen as the people and institutions, and the relationships between them. The patterns formed by relationships among people, groups, and institutions for the ‘social structure’ of a society. A series of political upheavals that were instigated as a result of the French Revolution in 1789 created social chaos and many early social theorists sought to analyse societal behaviour in order to ascertain whether the behaviour was a result of the unrest, or whether the political and social chaos was resultant of predetermined or learned behaviour patterns in the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may have been an attempt at returning to old order or, more likely, an attempt to establish a new order in the modern society that was emerging. Functionalism sees society as a social system based on ‘consensus’. It stems from the assumption that society has certain basic needs which must be met if it is to survive. The most important being social order. Sociologists sought to answer such issues as what social order is based on, and how social order is possible. It is assumed by functionalists that a certain level of cooperation is needed which would be made possible by adherence to social norms and values. To ensure these norms and values are followed sociologists theorise that methods of ‘social control’ are implemented. Examples of formal methods of social control are Educational establishments, police force, and government and informal control can be family, peer pressure and media. The acknowledged ‘founding father’ of Functionalism in modern sociology was Emile Durkheim. Durkheim was greatly influenced by philosopher Auguste Comte who was in turn cited with founding the ‘positivism’ movement, and Durkheim’s sociological reflections were first expressed in The Division of Labour in Society (1893) and Suicide (1897). In this view, ethical and social structures were endangered by technology and mechanization. The industrial revolution in particular had a massive effect on the transformation of western societies, from largely rural and agricultural communities to predominantly industrial systems. Within this new society a few tended to profit greatly whilst the peasants who had left agriculture for factory work found only low wages, bad treatment, and poor living conditions due to such a massing of humanity and industrial waste. Accompanying these issues were a long list of problems created by this urbanisation which attracted the attention of early sociologists such as Durkheim. The division of labour produced alienation among workers, and the increased prosperity of the late 19th century generated greed and passions that threatened the equilibrium of society. Durkheim drew attention to anomie, or social disconnectedness, and studied suicide as a decision to renounce life. Following the Dreyfus Affair, a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s which involved the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) for treason. Durkheim came to regard education and religion as the most potent means of reforming humanity and moulding new social institutions. His The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) is an anthropological study centring largely on symbolism of religion and the origins and functions of this, which Durkheim saw as expressing the collective conscience of a society and thus producing social solidarity. Durkheim’s functionalist theories were carried on and expanded throughout the 20th century, and theorists such as Talcott Parsons and his protige Robert K. Merton in the shape of structural functionalism, which began form the so-called problem of social order and posed the question of how society would hold together when all the individuals within it are self-interested and pursue their own wants and needs, often at the expense of others. However a reaction against the industrial system and capitalism led to the emergence of various ‘conflict’ theories, and the most well-known of these is ‘Marxism. This theory is similar in some ways to functionalism in that it sees society as a system and human behaviour to some extent is a response to that system. As the moniker suggests, conflict rather than consensus is the driving force behind this theory. Social groups are in conflict since their interests are in opposition and social order tends to be imposed by the powerful in society rather than encouraged and agreed by society as a whole. Some theorists such as propose that the concept of ideology is important to society. The ideology, or set of beliefs and values can be used to distort reality and ensure members of society see their world in terms of the ideology rather than the so-called truth of oppression and exploitation. This in turn would lead to social order to to a lack of awareness and pacivity of society. Marxism emerged as an alternative vision of a workers paradise, in which wealth was equitably distributed and was founded by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. This theory proposed freedom and equality for the ‘bourgeoise’ or working class. Marx theorised that the capitalist state would eventually succumb to revolution and a new socialist equilibrium would be introduced. This would do away with the haves and have-nots and a classless society would be born. In contrast to Karl Marx’ theories, Max Weber saw class conflict as less significant and in Weber’s view economic factors are important, but ideas and values can also help to bring about social change. Weber’s work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) proposes that religious values were of fundamental importance in creating a capitalistic outlook. Unlike other early sociologists Wever argued that social action should be studied and meaning sought in individual actions. However, the interactions between people within society and social interactions should be considered. George Herbert Mead (1863-1891) is credited with laying the foundations for an approach to sociology called ‘symbolic interactionism’. One of his most famous books, Mind, Self, and Society ( ) is often taken as a guide for the symbolic interactionist approach. Along with Mead, two other important early sociologists who shaped the interactionist tradition were Charles Horton Cooley and William Isaac Thomas. The most influential contributor to the symbolic interactionist tradition was Herbert Blumer, who coined the perspective’s label in 1937. Blumer’s book, Symbolic Interactionism (  ) serves as another foundational work for the perspective, and Irving Goffman’s studies of mental institutions can be seen as one of the most successful interactionist studies. Goffman looked at the processes of stigmatization and the ways in which people resent their selves in social encounters. Whilst symbolic interactionism hovered on the fringes of sociological theo ry throughout the 20th century, it became prominent as a theoretical perspective in its own right during the 1960s and this, along with functionalism and conflict theory, is now regarded as one of the three distinctive models for understanding social life. Interactionists often reject the idea that social structures exist objectively and tend to dismiss them in this theory. In contrast to functionalism and conflict theory, symbolic Interactionism focuses of micro level interactions and the ways in which meanings are constructed and transmitted and in doing so it accentuates how symbols, interaction, and human agency serve as the cornerstones of social life Mead argued that the individual self is in fact a ‘social self’ produced during interaction processes rather than being biologically given. Mead’s theory traces the emergence of self through a series of stages in childhood and his ideas of the social self underpins interactionist research Interactionists stressed that sociologists could best understand social life’s core features by taking the role of the individuals or groups they were studying, particularly by engaging in participant observation. By the 1980s mainstream sociology had accepted much of the core of the symbolic interactionist approach, with its emphases on meaning, agency, and the interpretive analysis of interactional processes, as a legitimate and central part of the discipline. Thus, interactionism no longer represented a distinctive oppositional perspective as it had previously. In recent decades interactionism has grown in a number of new directions. With respect to methodology, its approach has broadened to include contextualized discourse analysis, ethnographic observation, content analysis, textual analysis, performance studies, and autoethnography. Interactionism has also become a more prominent perspective in a diverse array of disciplines. Another interactionist perspective worth noting is that of feminist theories. The history of feminist politics and theory is often cited as consisting of three â€Å"waves. † First-wave being women’s suffrage movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The second-wave feminism is associated with the women’s liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s where feminists began concentrating on less â€Å"official† barriers to gender equality, addressing issues like sexuality, reproductive rights, women’s roles and labor in the home, and patriarchal culture and finally, third-wave feminism is associated with feminist politics and movements that began in the 1980s and continue on to today. This emerged out of a critique of the politics of the second wave, as many feminists felt that earlier generations had over-generalized the experiences of white, middle-class, heterosexual women and ignored (and even suppressed) the viewpoints of women of colour, the poor, gay, lesbian, and transgender people, and women from the non-Western world. Feminist social theory has influenced and been influenced by the agendas and struggles of each of these waves. â€Å"First-wave† theorists like Mary Wollstonecraft and Susan B. Anthony were influential for their focus on how women’s lack of legal rights contributed to their social demotion, exclusion, and suffering. â€Å"Second-wave† theorists like Betty Friedan and Andrea Dworkin were prominent for their focus on women’s sexuality, reproduction, and the social consequences of living in a patriarchal culture. And â€Å"third-wave† theorists like Judith Butler and Gayatri Spivak are significant for critiquing the idea of a universal experience of womanhood and drawing attention to the sexually, economically, and racially excluded. Moreover, feminist social theorists in each wave have critiqued the male biases implicit in social theory itself, helping to construct social theory that draws on rather than excludes the experiences of women. Conclusion Ultimately, if feminism, broadly understood, is concerned with improving the conditions of women in society, feminist social theory is about developing ideas, concepts, philosophies, and other intellectual programs that help meet that agenda. Feminist social theory, like any theoretical tradition, is best seen as a continuing conversation of many voices and viewpoints. But feminist concerns that filtered into early sociology only on the margins. In spite of their marginal status, early women sociologists like Harriet Martineau and Marianne Weber wrote a significant body of theory that is being rediscovered today. This is in contrast to functionalism where moderns theorists are The ideas of sociologists such as Marx, Durkheim and Weber were formed during times of great social, political and economic change which their prespectives sough to understand. But sociological theory can