Purpose Of Compaction: Types Of Compaction

Purpose Of Compaction: Types Of Compaction Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction of highway embankments, earth dams, foundations and many other engineering structure. Soil must be compacted to their unit weights, increase the strength characteristic which increase the bearing capacity of foundations constructed over them. Soil is compacted by removing air and water from its pore space. Compaction is a change in soil structure, not just an increase in soil density. Healthy soils have a diversity of pore sizes, while compacted soils have mostly small pores. In general, Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. Almost all types of building sites and construction projects utilize mechanical compaction techniques. During the compaction process soil partials are pushed closer together. This reduces the size of pores, the continuity of pores, and the size and stability of aggregates. Only under severe compaction will aggregates break down.This soil density chart shows properly compacted soil. Purpose of soil Compaction: The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce subsequent settlement under working loads. Also in a construction material, the significant engineering properties of soil are its shear strength, its compressibility, and its permeability. Compaction of the soil generally increases its shear strength, decreases its compressibility, and decreases its permeability. in addition, compaction reduces the voids ratio making it more difficult for water to flow through soil. This is important if the soil is being used to retain water such as would be required for an earth dams. So we conclude that there are four reasons to compact the soil: Increase load-bearing capacity. Prevent soil settlement. Provides stability . Reduce water seepage, swilling and construction. Poor compaction can lead to unwanted results. Figure: result of poor compaction Types of compaction: There are four types of compaction that are commonly used on soil and/or asphalt: Vibration Impact Kneading Pressure Each of these types is carried out using one of two types of forces: static or vibratory. Static force relies on the weight of a machine to apply downward pressure on soil, thus compressing the soil particles. Adding weights to, or removing them from, the compaction machine can adjust the amount of pressure. Although effective, static compaction is best suited for the upper soil layers. The types of compaction that fall under static are kneading and pressure.Padfeet on a Caterpillar CP563 Vibratory force, on the other hand, uses mechanically driven force to apply downward pressure in addition to the weight of a machine. The mechanically driven force is an applied vibratory force that rotates the eccentric weight of a piston and spring combination. Compactors achieve compaction through the use of delivering rapid blows, or impacts, to the surface. This is effective in that it not only compacts the top layers, but the deeper layers as well. With vibration, the particles are set in motion and moved closer together to form a high density Compaction soil types: Different types of compaction are best suited for different soil types and conditions. This is because of the underlying density and moisture that different soil types are able to retain. Soil types are classified in three soil groups, with consideration to grain sizes. These types are: Cohesive Granular Cohesive and granular Cohesive In cohesive soils, such as clay, the particles contain characteristics that make them easily stick together so compaction can be achieved by high impact, which forces the air out of the particles, pushing them together. Granular Granular soils include sand, gravel, and other particles that typically range in size from 0.003 to 0.08 inches (0.008 to 0.2 cm). Because granular soils have good water-draining properties, they are able to obtain high density when fully dry or saturated. Granular is best compacted by shaking or vibrating the particles. Any type of vibratory equipment is best suited for this type. Depending on the type of granular soil, different degrees of vibration are required. Granular and Cohesive Often, soils are a mixture of both granular and cohesive, requiring more precise compaction equipment. Equipment should be chosen on the basis of the soil in the mix that is present in the highest percentage. Some materials, such as asphalt, require both vibration and static pressure to be compacted effectively. Machinery uses frequency and amplitude to apply a force for compaction. Frequency is the measure of the speed of the eccentric shaft rotation, or of the jumping of the machine, quantifiable by vibrations per minute (vpm). Amplitude measures the maximum movement of a vibrating body from its axis in one direction Field Tests: It is important to know and control the soil density during compaction. Following are common field tests to determine on the spot if compaction densities are being reached. Sand Cone Test (ASTM D1556-90): A small hole (6 x 6 deep) is dug in the compacted material to be tested. The soil is removed and weighed, then dried and weighed again to determine its moisture content. A soils moisture is figured as a percentage. The specific volume of the hole is determined by filling it with calibrated dry sand from a jar and cone device. The dry weight of the soil removed is divided by the volume of sand needed to fill the hole. This gives us the density of the compacted soil in lbs per cubic foot. This density is compared to the maximum Proctor density obtained earlier, which gives us the relative density of the soil that was just compacted. Nuclear Density (ASTM D2292-91): Nuclear Density meters are a quick and fairly accurate way of determining density and moisture content. The meter uses a radioactive isotope source (Cesium 137) at the soil surface (backscatter) or from a probe placed into the soil (direct transmission). The isotope source gives off photons (usually Gamma rays) which radiate back to the maters detectors on the bottom of the unit. Dense soil absorbs more radiation than loose soil and the readings reflect overall density. Water content (ASTM D3017) can also be read, all within a few minutes. A relative Proctor density with the compaction results from the test. How the Nuclear Density test works How the Sand Cone test works FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION IN THE FIELD: Compaction of a particular soil is affected by following given factors: MOISTURE CONTENT Proper control of moisture content in soil is necessary for achieving desired density. Maximum density with minimum compacting effort can be achieved by compaction of soil near its OMC (Optimum Moisture Content). If natural moisture content of the soil is less than OMC, calculated amount of water should be added to soil with sprinkler attached to water tanker and mixed with soil by motor grader for uniform moisture content. When soil is too wet, it is required to be dried by aeration to reach up to OMC. Moisture content of the soil is vital to proper compaction SOIL TYPE Type of soil has a great influence on its compaction characteristics. Normally, heavy clays, clays and silt offer higher resistance to compaction where as sandy soils and coarse grained or gravelly soils are amenable for easy compaction. The coarse-grained soils yield higher densities in comparison to clays. A well-graded soil can be compacted to higher density. LAYER THICKNESS The more the thickness of layer of earth subjected to field compaction, the less the energy input per unit weight of soil and hence, less is the compaction under each pass of the roller. Suitable thickness of soil of each layer is necessary to achieve uniform thickness. Layer thickness depends upon type of soil involved and type of roller, its weight and contact pressure of its drums. Normally, 200-300 mm layer thickness is optimum in the field for achieving homogeneous compaction. CONTACT PRESSURE Contact pressure depends on the weight of the roller wheel and the contact area. In case of pneumatic roller, the tyre inflation pressure also determines the contact pressure in addition to wheel load. A higher contact pressure increases the dry density and lowers the optimum moisture content SPEED OF ROLLING Speed of rolling has a very important bearing on the roller output. The greater the speed of rolling, the more the length of embankment that can be compacted in one day. Speed was found to be a significant factor for vibratory rollers because its number of vibrations per minute is not related to its forward speed. Therefore, the slower the speed of travel, the more vibrations at a given point and lesser number of pass required to attain a given density. TYPE OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS A large variety of mechanical equipments is available for compaction of soil but soil type and moisture condition will often dictate the type of equipments and method of use. Some important compacting equipment are given below: 1. Light compacting equipments (Rammers/Plate compactors) 2. Smooth wheel rollers 3. Sheepsfoot rollers 4. Pneumatic tyred rollers 5. Vibratory rollers 6. Grid rollers 2003 Dynapac CC122 Tandem Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller . Figure: Smooth wheel-Roller http://www.rentittoday.com/cmsAdmin/uploads/thumb/Rammer-or-Upright-Tamper_002_001_001_001_001.jpg figure: Light compacting equipments (Rammers) Summary: Soil compaction is an important part of the construction process. It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength, be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against deterioration, and possess prop Refrances: Das, Braja M. (2002). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering.fourth edition. P100 IS: 2720-1983 (Part-14)- Determination of density index (Relative Density) of cohesion New Used Heavy Equipment http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/soil_compaction#ixzz2CglEjAcM Engineering Properties of Soils Based on Laboratory Testing Prof. Krishna Reddy, UIC Das, Braja M. (2002). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering.fourth edition. P100

Gender roles Essay

Well, the topic of gender roles is a ripe one. While there is no specific outline providing benchmarks to use in classifying a person’s gender, a number of factors come into play in helping define one’s gender. One of the factors is cultural prescription as provided for by a person’s social group. A man is a man or a woman a woman depending on how the social group they belong to label or socializes them. But one should remember here that genitalia alone do not determine a person’s gender. While one’s sex is determined by one’s biology, both biology and culture (nature and nurture) determine their gender. There are different roles for different genders. Gender is more of culturally than biologically determined. In fact, a person could be born with male genitalia but be of female gender or vice versa. Differences exist between the male and female genders for instance; men are braver than women and women more emotional than men. Women like being protected while men like to protect. Also, men want to pursue a woman for relationship while women want to be pursued. The differences between the genders emanate from differences in sexes culture, religion among others. Some of the similarities include: both are jealous, self-centered and want to mend the other to live up to their own standards. Again, both genders converge in their need for recognition and love. These among other differences and similarities together with other factors such as legal have succeeded in being constant obstacles on the road to equality. Most social groups, our parents and the media have socialized us to believe that the male gender is superior to the female gender. One can ask, does sex determine one’s abilities? Pursuing such a question may elicit an endless debate but a sex-based approach in determining gender roles is bias and oppressive to women and perpetuates inequalities and patriarchy. No wonder women have to fight for equality. Kyra Sedgwick says that, â€Å"†¦we are still not really supposed to want it as much as guy does. † But I think women should be able to make their own choices. I would want to socialize my children in a manner that they will see both genders as equal and worth as much respect despite the differences. I will also want to allow them freedom to choose what they want to be in life. I will not deny them opportunities on the basis of their gender. I will also encourage them to follow their passion provided they are within the range of acceptable careers and I will endeavor to support them. A number of questions puzzle me. They include; In agitating for equality, do women become more women or less? Is a woman more woman because she enjoys same rights as a man? Is it possible to invent a universally acceptable modality of determining gender roles so as to eschew the controversy? What provisions do our societies make for those individuals who do not qualify as average male/female? These questions leave me lost in the labyrinths. The first and second questions demand that women be careful when agitating for equality lest they lose their identity. Anyway what is so serious about losing one’s identity? If forgoing one’s identity will make one have a happier life then isn’t it better to forgo it. What should be pursued, identity or happiness? Addressing the third question will save us unnecessary debates while the fourth question rises out of my worry that there are some persons that are left out in the classification of genders and this could be unfair- a more inclusive definition needs to be adopted for a fair discussion. In doing away with the dual classification such terms as feminism and others that are so ‘poisoned’ will be avoided and may be a less controversial nomenclature adopted. Andrea Wong is a brave woman. From her early age she tried her leg in leadership, a field that was erroneously perceived as a reserve for men. Also unlike most women, Andrea Wong knows how, after falling, to get up, dust herself off and keep going. Unlike Wong, most women get resigned after their first failure. If women were like her, they would also be leaders like she is today and would be doing great exploits. Rachel Roy is another woman who impresses me. She goes for what she wants and she wants nothing but the best, â€Å" If I couldn’t work at Contempo, I didn’t want to work anywhere. † This shows a resolve that most women lack. She knows what she wants that is to be a designer, â€Å"her passion started in childhood and she has never wavered†. She is final in her decision. These two women not only set good example for me but also are good role models for women. From the pieces, it is clearly depicted that success for women is dependent on their attitude and not their gender. If women changed their attitude then they would favorably compete against men and it would be easier for them and tougher for men. Works cited Newsweek, October 15, 2007.

Bent Toward Your Goal, the Whole World Will Make Way Essay

Now I am in Grade 10 and I think about the life I have spent. I come to a conclusion: everyone’s life starts similarly, but the result is different. This is because some people do not know their own goals and only do what others do. Only people who know their goals can have a meaningful life. There are many ways in my life. If I am not careful enough, I will choose the wrong way. For instance, although some people look quite busy, what they do is not meaningful because they do not know their goal! It is necessary for you to know your goal and hold on to it unless you do not want to be successful. Ants use the whole autumn to save food in order to have a good winter. Farmers work under the burning sun in order to have a good harvest. They all know their goal and hold on to it. So do I. When I was in Grade 7, I knew there would be a basketball game in Grade 8. As a student who was crazy about basketball, it was a good chance for me to help my team, so I was sure of my goal. From then on, I began to learn from others and practiced again and again. Nothing could get in my way because of my determination. Although the sun was burning, the weather was hot, I never gave up because I believed: â€Å"no pain, no gain†. Finally, our team did a good job, and it was the result that I wanted. Begin with the end in mind makes me have a definite goal, and makes me go straight towards my dream. Consequently, I advocate that everyone should begin every day with a clear direction and destination and hold on to it. This can lead you to success!

What Is Object Permanence

Object permanence is the knowledge that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen, heard, or perceived in any other way. First proposed and studied by renowned Swiss development psychologist Jean Piaget in the mid-1900s, object permanence is considered a key developmental milestone in the first two years of a child’s life. Key Takeaways: Object Permanence Object permanence is the ability to understand that an object still exists even when it can no longer be perceived in any way.The concept of object permanence was studied by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, who proposed a series of six stages specifying when and how object permanence develops during the first two years of life.According to Piaget, children first begin to develop an idea of object permanence at around 8 months old, but other studies suggest the ability starts at a younger age. Origins Piaget developed a stage theory of childhood development, which consisted of four stages. The first stage, called the sensorimotor stage, takes place from birth to approximately 2 years old and is when babies develop object permanence. The sensorimotor stage consists of six substages. At each of the substages, a new achievement in object permanence is expected. To detail the substages in the development of object permanence, Piaget conducted simple studies with his own children. In these studies, Piaget hid a toy under a blanket while  the infant watched. If the child searched for the hidden toy, it was seen as an indication of object permanence. Piaget observed that in general children were around 8 months old when they started to search for the toy. Stages of Object Permanence Piaget’s six substages in the achievement of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage are as follows: Stage 1: Birth to 1 Month Right after birth, infants have no concept of anything outside themselves. At this earliest substage, they experience the world through their reflexes, the reflex of sucking in particular. Stage 2: 1 to 4 Months Starting at around 1 month old, children start to learn through what Piaget called â€Å"circular reactions.† Circular reactions happen when an infant chances on a new behavior, like thumb-sucking, and then attempts to repeat it. These circular reactions involve what Piaget referred to as schemas or schemes — patterns of action that help infants understand the world around them. Infants learn to use multiple different schemes in circular reactions. For example, when a child sucks their thumb, they are coordinating the action of sucking with their mouth with their hand movements. During Stage 2, infants still have no sense of object permanence. If they can no longer see an object or individual, they may look for a moment to where they last saw it, but they won’t attempt to find it. At this point in development, the saying out of sight, out of mind applies. Stage 3: 4 to 8 Months At around 4 months, babies start to observe and interact more with their surrounding environment. This helps them learn about the permanence of things outside themselves. At this stage, if something leaves their line of sight, they will look where the object fell. Also, if they put an object down and turn away, they can find the object again. Further, if a blanket covers part of a toy, they can find the toy.   Stage 4: 8 to 12 Months During Stage 4, true object permanence starts to emerge. At around 8 months old, children can successfully find toys completely hidden under blankets. Yet, Piaget found a limitation to babies’ new sense of object permanence at this stage. Specifically, although an infant could find a toy when it was hidden at point A, when the same toy was hidden at point B, infants would again look for the toy at point A. According to Piaget, infants at Stage 4 are unable to follow displacements to different hiding places. Stage 5: 12 to 18 Months At Stage 5, infants learn to follow the displacement of an object as long as the infant can observe the movement of the object from one hiding place to another.   Stage 6: 18 to 24 Months Finally, at Stage 6, infants can follow displacements even if they don’t observe how a toy moves from hidden point A to hidden point B. For example, if a ball rolls under a sofa, the child can infer the trajectory of the ball, enabling them to look for the ball at the end of the trajectory instead of the beginning where the ball disappeared. Piaget suggested that it’s at this stage that representational thought emerges, which results in the ability to imagine objects in one’s mind. The ability to form mental representations of things they can’t see results in infants’ development of object permanence, as well as an understanding of themselves as separate and independent individuals in the world. Challenges and Critiques Since Piaget introduced his theory on the development of object permanence, other scholars have provided evidence that this ability actually develops earlier than Piaget believed. Psychologists speculate that Piaget’s reliance on infants’ reaching for a toy led him to underestimate the child’s knowledge of individual objects, because it overemphasizes infants underdeveloped motor skills. In studies that observe what children look at, instead of what they reach for, infants appear to demonstrate an understanding of object permanence at younger ages.   For example, across two experiments, psychologist Renà ©e Baillargeon showed infants screens that rotated towards objects in back of them. As they rotated, the screens concealed the objects, but babies still expressed surprise when the screens didnt stop moving when they expected them to because the object should have forced the screens to stop. The results showed that infants as young as 7 months old can understand the properties of hidden objects, challenging Piaget’s ideas about when object permanence first starts developing in earnest. Object Permanence in Non-Human Animals Object permanence is an important development for humans, but we’re not the only ones who develop the ability to understand this concept. Research has shown that higher mammals, including apes, wolves, cats, and dogs, as well as some species of birds, develop object permanence.   For instance, in one study, researchers tested cats and dogs’ object permanence with tasks that were similar to those used to test the ability in infants. When the reward was only a hidden toy, neither species managed to complete all the tasks, but they were successful when the tasks were adjusted to make the reward hidden food. These findings indicate that cats and dogs have completely developed object permanence. Sources Baillargeon, Renà ©e. â€Å"Young Infants’ Reasoning About the Physical and Spatial Properties of a Hidden Object.† Cognitive Development, vol. 2, no. 3, 1987, pp. 179-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(87)90043-8Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Dorà ©, Francois Y., and Claude Dumas. â€Å"Psychology of Animal Cognition: Piagetian Studies.† Psychological Bulletin, vol. 102, no. 2, 1087, pp. 219-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.2.219Fournier, Gillian. â€Å"Object Permanence.† Psych Central, 2018. https://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/object-permanence/McLeod, Saul. â€Å"The Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development.† Simply Psychology, 2018. https://www.simplypsychology.org/sensorimotor.htmlTriana, Estrella, and Robert Pasnak. â€Å"Object Permanence in Cats and Dogs.† Animal Learning Behavior, vol. 9, no. 11, 1981, pp. 135-139.

Analysis Of Blue Poles - 1498 Words

Russian painter and pioneer of abstract modern art, Kandinsky’s art and ideas impacted and inspired many generations of artists, from his students at Bauhaus, to the Abstract Expressionists post World War 2. Kandinsky contested the boundaries of conventional art making practice through his rare artistic style that departs from the strict conventions of realism and naturalism formed by the Academie, and seeks to convey inner spiritual experience by challenging intentions and emotive capacities. He sought to convey a universal, visual and spiritual language of abstract forms and colours, along with interpreting his synesthetic experience of music, to create artworks that transcended cultural and physical boundaries. Abstract and Modernist†¦show more content†¦Performed on canvas laid flat on the floor, Pollock makes no physical contact with the canvas whilst painting. The canvas seems to convey a telling of Pollock’s vigorous working methods and turbulent life to the audience, as the work consists of glass shards and footprints embedded into the canvas. Pollock’s boundary breaking manipulation of surface ultimately encourages artists to imitate his new and non-traditional methodologies within art making. Modernist critic, Clement Greenberg coined the term of Abstract Expressionism, and was largely responsible for the growing reputation of Pollock within the art world. Greenberg assisted in determining the reaction to Blue Poles by the audience. In The Nation, 20/1/1945, Greenberg supports Pollock through advocating his artwork in a public expanse, â€Å"American painting is much in need of all three qualities (that is, ‘boldness, breadth, and the monumental’), and it is significant that Pollock, who manifests all three, has already begun to exert an influence, though he has been before the public hardly more than a year.† Greenberg upholds Pollock’s name with high importance, displaying his significance to the Abstract Expressionist movement. Pollock’s heavily influential style was rather radical in its extremity in his time, through his unconventional material practices and drip techniques, redefining the conventions of traditional painting, in orde r toShow MoreRelated1.09 experiments Essay596 Words   |  3 Pagesdyed red water will not seep into the blue cold water. My guess was indeed correct and red water did not interfere with the blue water. 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Presidential Election Of 1988 Pitted Vice President

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Enterprise Resource Planning&Business Process Re-EngineeringStarbucks

Question: Describe about the Enterprise Resource Planning and Business Process Re-engineering . Answer: Introduction Starbucks is a company that is best known for its coffee all across the globe. Starbucks Coffee Company in Australia served its first coffee in the year 2000 and has been growing since then. The company has a number of different units and outlets all across Australia and has done some massive improvements in its business processes to achieve better quality and customer satisfaction. The company is an early adopter of the emerging technologies to offer advanced and improved services to its customers and also streamline all of the internal processes (Lee, 2016). ERP Implementation in Starbucks Australia The ERP implementation in Starbucks, Australia has seen many phases and changes with the growth of the company and increase in the number of stores and staff engaged with the same (Wallace and Kremzar, 2016). With its opening in July, 2000, Starbucks saw a rapid growth all across Australia and it became extremely troublesome for the then financial controller, Danielle Baigent-Garvey to handle the operations with ease and without any flaws. It was estimated by Danielle that the existing system at that time was not competent enough to deal with all the changes and it was decided to implement a new and improved ERP software package in the company. Microsoft Dynamic GP was selected by Danielle and team and the same was implemented across all the units of Starbucks, Australia by September, 2002. The process was done in a quick manner and the phases such as testing, implementation and training ran in parallel with each other. The package included finance management, purchasing, fixed assets, extensive reporting, cash management and many other ERP features. In addition to Microsoft Dynamic GP, Starbucks also implemented Microsoft's Service Management and Professional Advantage's Webhouse software in its architecture in order to manage the servicing requirements and add business intelligence capabilities. These packages together made the ERP software for the company. There are a number of benefits that were provided to Starbucks with the implementation of ERP in its operations and structure. The software provided an integrated package to the company to link all the processes and operations with each other. The interface that was offered by the software allowed the executives and the officials to have an extremely easy and simple to implement solution to accomplish all of their reporting and analysis activities. It also allowed the resources to remove and redundancy and duplicity in the processes by eliminating the human errors and automating the entire system. The time that was required to enter or update information in the system was also very less as compared to the time that was being spent in the manual activities. It resulted in the improvement of the productivity and efficiency of the resources. The package also allowed reporting activities to be done with a lot of customization and automatic generations as well. The resources were also able to add value to the business by being able to understand the processes in a better manner and were also able to carry out significant operations with much ease. Budgeting and associated activities were also streamlined to a great degree as the resources clearly understood what expenses were made and where were they exhausted. There was also easy data management and data backup possible with the help of such package which allowed the strong database for any of the future reference It became easy for the auditors to have exact details at the time of auditing and reporting (Advantage, 2016). In order to improve the ERP operations, Starbucks, Australia also adopted other software and packages such as Esker DeliveryWare. The software was implemented to improve the delivery and management of information particularly associated with the financial operations. The software offered a solution for the immediate and future needs of the company (Dayeian, 2016). The three major areas that were targeted with the installation and implementation of the software included purchasing, reporting and bulletins. There were a number of benefits that were offered to the company with the implementation of this software which are as listed below: A long terms solution which was flexible as well as scalable in nature that was proficient enough to adapt with the changes in the technology and requirements A strong maintenance plan and support was provided along with the software in order to manage the post production activities Starbucks has a lot many policies towards the environment and the software allowed the achievement of the same with the reduction in use of paper and print The software also allowed easy and fast communication with the suppliers and ensures better supplier management. Problems in Existing ERP System In spite of a number of changes that have been done in the ERP system of Starbucks, Australia, there are still a number of loopholes that exist in the current system. The first and the foremost are the security risks and issues. There is a problem with the security mechanism that is implemented in the current system as it is not designed to control and manage the newer security risks that are now probable. There are a number of threats and attacks that have been launched by the attackers which cannot be dealt with the existing system. The existing system also cannot handle the data requirements of the present era. It is not equipped with the advanced data analytics and business intelligence techniques to manage the Big Data. The same results in a number of issues for the management and resources and also results in the compromises on the quality of service. Abridged Feasibility Analysis Introduction Purpose The purpose of the feasibility analysis is to determine the need of the improvements in the ERP implementation in Starbucks, Australia. Target Audience The target audience of this feasibility study includes the board members of the company along with the department heads and Project Managers. Justification Problem Statement The demand for coffee is increasing with an increase in the population and Starbucks is present in Australia since past 16 years. With a known name and strong reputation in the market, it is essential for the company to have a stronger ERP system to organize and manage all of the business needs and operations (Petersen, 2016). Organizational Impact The improved solution will allow Starbucks to manage all of its processes easily and will also be able to coordinate a number of different activities. Processes associated with human resources, accounts and operations will be managed with much ease and the overall organization and control will improve to a great extent (Eresourceerp, 2016). Solution Solution Statement The new and improved ERP System for Starbucks will comprise of advanced features of Big Data and Business Intelligence that will provide a solution to the existing issues in the current system (Vuksic and Spremic, 2016). Anticipated Improvements Improved Visibility The new solution will allow Starbucks to control their working capital requirements to a great degree and will also enable it to manage all of its operations so that there is a complete clarity on the operations to perform (Tenkorang and Helo, 2016). Security The new system will also allow better security with the aid of advanced security mechanism that is offered with new solutions and packages that will be implemented in Starbucks. Reduced Operating Costs There will be a huge difference in the existing costs and the one that will be required during and after the implementation of the new system. Production, marketing and control cost will come down to a great degree. Customer Service Customer is the king for any business and organization and the same is the case with Starbucks. New ERP system will allow the improvement in the customer service and satisfaction levels. Project Management Approach The implementation of ERP is an extensive project that involves a number of different activities and thus it is essential to manage the project with ease and accuracy. There are two different project management approaches that have been suggested which can be followed by Starbucks during the project timeline. PRINCE2 Projects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) is undertaking administration strategy that is procedure arranged and can be custom-made to various task situations. It has a plainly characterized structure that contains points of interest of parts, duties, procedures and standards of venture administration that can be effortlessly learnt and connected by and by (Skogmar, 2015). The technique has a reasonable structure for administration that incorporates comprehension of connections between undertaking board and program supervisors. This technique likewise ensures business support of a task by concentrating all choices on an undertaking business case that ought to stay feasible all through the venture. Project Life Cycle (PLC) includes all around characterized venture organizes right from the earliest starting point till the end of the task. Stages, for example, initiation, arranging, conveyance and conclusion shape a vital piece of PLC. PRINCE2 strategy and its techniques are greatly near the phases of PLC. It starts with the task start that decides the targets and objectives of the venture alongside the undertaking brief and dangers estimation. Arranging, coordinating and controlling stages characterize the strategies that should be adjusted for effective task administration which at long last prompts the undertaking conveyance and conclusion (Advantagelearning, 2016). PMBOK It is an aide arranged by PMI for Its Project Management Body of Knowledge and it portrays 47 venture administration forms with each having certain inputs, certain devices and coming about yields. These procedures are separated in the aide into 10 information zones of task administration teach that incorporate extension, cost, time, quality, joining, correspondence, hazard, HR, acquisition and partners. PMBOK control unmistakably characterizes what a task administrator is required to do. PMBOK likewise holds fast to the phases of PLC yet has its own arrangement of techniques which are named as stages. The principal stage in PMBOK technique is the start stage which incorporates the attainability investigation of the task. Next is the arranging stage which incorporates scope definition, action arranging, and partner distinguishing proof, asset portion, spending estimation, plan estimation and danger appraisal. It is then trailed by the execution stage which includes the exercises that are connected for the advancement of the task according to the prerequisites. There might be various difficulties that may show up in this stage and the same are taken care of by the strategies characterized in PMBOK to deal with the same. Next stage is the control stage. There might be various changes that may emerge as far as usage and asset exercises. These progressions are overseen and viably controlled in this period of PMBOK (Vargas, 2015). Cost Benefit Analysis Fiscal Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Undiscounted Flows One time cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Recurring Cost Costs -$100,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 -$30,000 Benefits $0 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 Net Cash Flow -$100,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 Discount Factors Discount Rate 6.0% Base Year 0 Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Discount Factor 1.0000 0.9434 0.8900 0.8396 0.7921 0.7473 0.7050 0.6651 0.6274 0.5919 Discounted Flows Costs -$100,000 -$28,302 -$26,700 -$25,189 -$23,763 -$22,418 -$21,149 -$19,952 -$18,822 -$17,757 Benefits $0 $42,453 $40,050 $37,783 $35,644 $33,627 $31,723 $29,928 $28,234 $26,635 Net -$100,000 $14,151 $13,350 $12,594 $11,881 $11,209 $10,574 $9,976 $9,411 $8,878 Cumulative -$100,000 -$85,849 -$72,499 -$59,905 -$48,023 -$36,815 -$26,240 -$16,264 -$6,853 $2,025 Net Present Value $2,025 Internal Rate of Return 6% A cost benefit analysis has been done on the project with a onetime cost of AUD 100,000 and a recurring cost of 30,000. A benefit of AUD 45,000 has also been considered and the discount rate that has been applied is 6% (Dreze, 2016). Risk Identification There are a number of risks that have been identified in the implementation of ERP Systems in Starbucks, Australia. Risk ID Risk Likelihood Impact Reasons Risk Ranking Risk Level (1 is high on severity and priority and 5 is lowest) RS1 Schedule Risks Medium High There is a lot of complexity that is involved with the implementation of the ERP Systems which is mostly not easily understood by the teams (Erm, 2013) Critical 1 RS2 Budget Overrun Medium High With the inability to determine the exact nature of operations required, there may be a lot of re-work done by the team which may involve more expenses (Riami, 2016) Critical 1 RS3 Data Management Risks Medium Medium There will be a number of parties that will be involved in the implementation of ERP. There will also be data conversion and validation procedures which may face data management risks (Merit, 2015) High 2 RS4 Security Risks High High-Medium There are a number of threats and attacks that may be executed by the attackers or the internal resource as well (Pascal, 2016) High 2 RS5 Technical Risks Low Medium Technology is at an ever changing pace and there may be chances of the occurrence of the same during the project Medium 3 Risks associated with the ERP Implementation at Starbucks, Australia Business Process Redesigning (BPR) Starbucks is a company that is providing excellent coffee to the customers in Australia since past 16 years. Although the company has a reputed name in the market, there are other competitors in the market that are providing amazing coffee at much lower costs. There are also new and improved business processes and systems that are being followed among the fellow competitors. This is the reason that Starbucks must involve redesigning of the business processes from the acquiring of the raw materials to the final delivery (Cooke, 2016). The processes that require redesigning at Starbucks include the way the information technology is utilized in the company. There are operations such as resource planning and management along with the Enterprise Resource Planning that do not make use of the latest technology and software packages. Lean management is also missing from the value chain which can be implemented right from the procurement of the raw materials to the final delivery of the products. It will allow the business operators to curtail the wastages that occur during the procurement of the raw materials. Flow of information internally in the organization can also be redesigned with a better communication plan and matrix utilization to streamline all of the activities. The Starbucks frameworks change by presenting lean administration with the supplementary assistance from stream of data can be made into a viable apparatus for the general development of the association, particularly in holding its expansive client base and getting new ones. The framework which is verging on idiot proof in nature is a deliberate activity on some portion of all level of workers and partners in the store network. This upgrade mitigates a large portion of the trepidation that would have emerged had Starbucks lost a decent number of its clients to its rivals. The danger of losing business is in actuality extraordinarily abridged and Starbucks can anticipate a complete turnaround in its productivity and offer worth after the framework is made operational (Ukessays, 2016). Advantages for Starbucks, Australia ERP implementation and Business Process Redesigning will result in a number of advantages for the company which has been listed below. There will be a number of operational advantages such as reduction in the costs, reduction in the cycle time and productivity improvement. There will also be a lot many improvements in the quality which will lead to better customer management and satisfaction as well. A number of managerial benefits will also be seen in terms of resource management and performance improvement. Strategic alignment will also improve with the implementation of latest ERP systems and redesigning of the business process with increased support for business growth and alliance. There will also be many organizational benefits with these processes such as improved work patterns and increased employee satisfaction (Cheng, 2016). Disadvantages for Starbucks, Australia There are a few disadvantages that may appear with the implementation of the ERP Systems and redesigning of the business processes. There will be many changes in the existing processes that may not go well with the resources of the company as it takes time to adapt to a change. This may lead to reduction in the productivity. The cost of investment will also be necessary which will be an additional expense. The project will require the presence of the experts and the absence of same may result in serious issues. There may also be complexities in the usage of the same and the same would demand trainings for the employees to make them understand the features and functionalities of the new system. Changes that can be implemented There are a number of changes that can be implemented in Starbucks, Australia in terms of ERP and related operations. The existing system is not designed as per the latest technology and hence, the same can be changed and replaced with the new and advanced system. There are also changes necessary in the flow of information that takes place internally in the organization and the processes that are associated with the same need to be changed as well. There is a concept of lean management missing from the supply chain activities that needs to be introduced as well. There are also changes that must be done to improve the security mechanism in the existing system in order to improve the information security and data privacy for Starbucks, Australia. Conclusion Starbucks, Australia is in operation since past 16 years and has been serving customer with great coffee since then. There are a number of stored of the company all across Australia and the demand has increased in the past few years. There is also a lot of competition in the market with a number of many new entries in the same business. Starbucks thus requires a few changes and updates in its existing system in terms of ERP implementation and Business Processes Redesigning. The existing ERP system is not upgraded as per the latest technology and has a number of security loopholes as well. A new ERP system must be implemented which will be incorporated with the latest security mechanism and data analytics and business intelligence features as well. The existing business processes associated with information flow, supply chain activities and information technology shall also be re-designed to improve the overall functional. The same will result in better quality of service and will als o enhance the level of customer satisfaction. References Advantage, P. (2016). Case Study: Retailer manages rapid growth with Microsoft Dynamics GP. [online] Pa.com.au. Available at: https://www.pa.com.au/client-stories/starbucks-australia/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Advantagelearning, (2016). PRINCE2 2009 Methodology: Principles, Themes and Processes | Advantage Learning. [online] Advantagelearning.co.uk. Available at: https://www.advantagelearning.co.uk/prince2/what-is-prince2.html [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Cheng, E. (2016). Business Process Reengineering and ERP System Benefits. [online] Available at: https://iceb.nccu.edu.tw/proceedings/APDSI/2006/201-213.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Cooke, J. (2016). From bean to cup: How Starbucks transformed its supply chain Procurement CSCMP's Supply Chain Quarterly. [online] Supplychainquarterly.com. Available at: https://www.supplychainquarterly.com/topics/Procurement/scq201004starbucks/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Dayeian, A. (2016). Esker DeliveryWare Platform. [online] Available at: https://www.esker.es/soluciones_deliveryware/data/PDF/Esker_DeliveryWare-Testimonio-Starbucks_Coffee.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Dreze, J. (2016). Cost-benefit analysis. [online] Available at: https://personal.lse.ac.uk/sternn/040NHS.pdf [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Eresourceerp, (2016). 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